Ryan Shelby: Sustainability Designs and Innovations

The Department of Energy will be awarding the state of Massachusetts $25 million in funding from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act to accelerate development of the state’s Wind Technology Testing Center.

The center will focus on the test and development of next generation wind turbine blades for the market.  

According to a DOE’s 2008 report: “20% Wind Energy by 2030”, the US has an ample wind energy resource and it is technically feasible to wind energy to generate 20% of the nation's electricity demand by 2030.

The report's conclusions include:

1. Reaching 20% wind energy will require enhanced transmission infrastructure, streamlined siting and permitting regimes, improved reliability and operability of wind systems, and increased U.S. wind manufacturing capacity.

2. Achieving 20% wind energy will require the number of turbine installations to increase from approximately 2000 per year in 2006 to almost 7000 per year in 2017.

3. Integrating 20% wind energy into the grid can be done reliably for less than 0.5 cents per kWh.

4. Achieving 20 percent wind energy is not limited by the availability of raw materials.

5. Addressing transmission challenges such as siting and cost allocation of new transmission lines to access the Nation's best wind resources will be required to achieve 20% wind energy.

The last point is the most interesting to me.  If you look at the 50 meter US wind energy resource map, you will see that all lot of the wind energy is located in areas on or near Native American lands.  

I wonder if we will do it right this time and actually partner with Native American communities to setup wind farms that will provide economical, environmental, and tribal sovereignty benefits. 

Ideally, these Native American  communities should secure funding to set up their own energy companies and transmit any excess energy to the power grid.

Energy Secretary Steven Chu said today that the Obama administration's budget will not contain any funding for developing hydrogen powered vehicles.

It seems that the Obama administration wants to focus on alternative energy technology that can be developed quickly.  Right now, plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles right winning the popularity contest.

Both technologies, however, have serious infrastructure issues that must be address before we will see a national wide adoption.

The main barriers to plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles are the production of lithium batteries, recharging time, recharging stations, and the vehicle range.

The main barriers to hydrogen powered vehicle are the production of hydrogen and fuel cells, the distribution of hydrogen, and the on board vehicular storage of hydrogen (300 mile range). 

For MS, I worked at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) to design and test hydrogen storage technologies.   

The team created a cryogenic capable pressure vessel (CCPV) that can store 10.7 kg of liquid hydrogen.  This system was tested in a Toyota Prius in January 2007 and it achieved a 653 mile range.

Lets not forget that both technologies are just passing the buck when it coming to emissions.

Most of the hydrogen produced in the United States is made from the steam reformation of natural gas (methane).  Currently, ~ 49% of the electricity produced in the US comes from coal-fired plants. 

While I agree that it is probably easier and less costly to set up the infrastructure for plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles, I still do not believe this is the best way forward.

Right now, the Telsa Roadster can travel 244 miles (393 km) without external loads on the battery, i.e. no A/C running, no radio turned on, no phone or Ipod charging,......   You get the picture.

Furthermore, it takes 3.5 hours to fully recharge the Roadster.  When I think about the usage phase of a car, electric vehicles just don't appeal to me.  The recharge time is too long for my preferences and I am unsure about the actual range of these vehicle under "normal" stop and go driving conditions.  

The system design at LLNL was flexibly refuelable.   The CCPV can store compressed hydrogen gas at room temperature, compressed hydrogen gas at 80 degrees K (all gases occupy less volume at colder temperatures), and liquid hydrogen (LH2) at 20.28 K.

This allows a user to decide which fuel type they need based off of driving requirements and cost.  If users wanted to travel short distances (~120 miles), they could choose hydrogen at room temperature.  This is the cheapest to produce, but you store less hydrogen in the system.

If users wanted to travel further than 300 miles, they choose LH2.  It is the most expensive to produce but you store more in the system for extended ranges: ~300 to ~500 miles.  The refuel system is similar to the current gasoline system and can be completed under 5 minutes.

I would be a raging supporter of electric vehicles if (1) the electricity comes form renewable energy sources, (2) the recharging time was reduced to at least 30 mins, and (3) the range is equal to that of an internal combustion engine (300 miles or more).

Right now, I am for continuing development of both technologies and letting the range, cost, and emissions performance decide the winner.